Ekvastra

Some principles regarding physical growth can help understand a child’s physical development. The growth of a child’s body follows a directional pattern in three ways. Knowing this is important so expectations of a child’s physical abilities are appropriate. The patterns of development are:

Large to small muscle or gross to fine motor development

Large- to small-muscle development means large muscles develop in the neck, trunk, arms, and legs before the small muscles in the fingers, hands, wrists, and eyes develop. Children can walk before they can write or scribble.

Head to toe or top to bottom

A second pattern is children’s muscles develop from head to toe called cephalocaudal law. This is why babies can hold up their heads long before they can walk.

Inside to outside or center to outside

A third pattern is muscles develop from the center of the body first and then toward the outside of the body called proximodistal law. Muscles around the trunk of the body develop earlier and are stronger than muscles in the hands, feet, etc.

General to Specific Growth Growth

The large-muscle movement begins with waving of the arms and legs of infants and then develops into the more specific movements of an older child who can walk and draw a picture. So, muscle growth begins with more general abilities and becomes more specific and defined as children get older.

Differentiation and Integration in Growth

Differentiation is the process that a child’s muscles go through as he or she gains control over specific parts of the body and head. Once children have found (differentiated) the parts of their body, they can integrate the movements and combine specific movements to perform more complex physical activities, such as walking, building a block tower, or riding a bike.

Variations in Growth

Children vary in their physical abilities at different ages. Different parts of the body grow at different rates. The range of physical skills to be expected in gross-or fine-motor development will be very different for infants versus preschoolers.

Optimal Tendency in Growth

In children, growth generally tries to fulfill its potential. If growth is slowed for a particular reason, such as malnutrition, the body will try to catch up when it can do so. This is one reason why children may develop skills in later years even if delays occurred at an earlier point in their development.

Sequential Growth

Different areas of a child’s body will grow at different times. In other words, development is orderly and occurs in a pattern. Children must be able to stand before they can walk. This pattern is evident in several ways, such as rolling over before sitting up, sitting up before crawling and crawling before walking, etc.

Growth during Critical Periods

Growth in certain areas of a child’s physical development may be more important at particular times during childhood. For example, recent brain research indicates the first few years of life are very important in the development of the brain’s growth and for intellectual competence. Similarly, the critical time for the development of motor skills is between 18 and 60 months of age (1 to 5 years). Research suggests that children go through four physical growth cycles: two of slow growth and two of rapid growth. The first period of rapid physical growth goes from conception to the age of 6 months. The rate of growth gradually slows during the toddler and preschool periods. The second period of rapid growth is during puberty in the years of preadolescence and adolescence. Another period of leveling off occurs after puberty until adult growth is achieved.

Ekvastra

Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by odd or eccentric behavior. Individuals in this cluster tend to experience major disruptions in relationships.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

People with paranoid personality disorder are excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others. They assume other people are out to harm or trick them. Such mistrust often extends to people close to them and makes meaningful relationships difficult. These individuals are sensitive to criticism and have an excessive need for autonomy. They often appear tense and are ready to pounce when they think they’ve been slighted by someone. The defining characteristic of people with a paranoid personality disorder is a pervasive unjustified distrust.

Evidence for biological contributions to paranoid personality disorder is limited. Some research suggests the disorder may be slightly more common among the relatives of people who have schizophrenia. In general, there appears to be a strong role in genetics in paranoid personality disorder. Looking too closely at what other people say and do can sometimes lead you to misinterpret them. Certain groups of people such as prisoners, refugees, people with hearing impairments, and the elderly are thought to be particularly prone to paranoid behavior.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Individuals with schizoid personality disorder seem neither to desire nor to enjoy closeness with others. They do not seem affected by praise or criticism. They consider themselves to be observers rather than participants in the world around them. They share the social isolation, poor rapport, and constricted effect seen in people with a paranoid personality disorder. The social deficiencies of people with this disorder are similar to those of paranoid personality disorders.

Shyness is reported as a precursor to later adult schizoid personality disorder. Abuse and neglect in childhood are also reported among individuals with this disorder. It is rare for a person with the disorder to request treatment except in response to a crisis such as extreme depression or losing a job. It may be that dopamine (which seems to be involved with schizophrenia as well) may contribute to the social aloofness of people with this type of disorder. Therapists often begin treatment by pointing out the value in social relationships. People with this condition may even need to be taught the emotions felt by others to learn empathy. The social skills were never established or have atrophied through lack of use, so we must be cautious in evaluating the effectiveness of treatment.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

A schizotypal personality disorder is considered by some to be on a continuum of disorders with schizophrenia. It has psychotic-like symptoms but without some of the more debilitating symptoms, such as hallucinations and delusions. Individuals with schizotypal have odd beliefs or engage in “magical thinking” They may believe they are clairvoyant or telepathic, for example. They report unusual perceptual experiences, including such illusions as feeling the presence of another person when they are alone.  

A schizotypal personality disorder is viewed by some to be one phenotype of a schizophrenia genotype. Some people are thought to have “schizophrenia genes” (the genotype) yet some will have less severe schizotypy (the phenotype) The idea of a relationship between schizotypal and schizophrenia arises partly from the way people with the disorders behave. Family, twin, and adoption studies have shown an increased prevalence of schizotypy among relatives of people with schizophrenia.

Ekvastra

Since the dawn of civilization, people have tried to understand the causes of abnormal behavior. In the middle ages, for example, people with unusual behavior were seen as controlled by evil beings. Now a day’s many researchers adopted the Biopsychosocial model of abnormal behavior.

The biopsychosocial model of abnormal behavior

According to the Biopsychosocial model of abnormal behavior, abnormal behavior is seen as caused by the combination and interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors. These factors contribute in varying degrees to particular abnormal behavior in particular people. Let us discuss the biological, Psychological, and Sociocultural factors of abnormal behavior.

Abnormal Behaviour – Biological Causes

Historically biological factors are thought to be involved in causing abnormal behavior or mental disorders. Special hospitals for people suffering from mental disorders were established throughout Europe. Genetic factors are involved in anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. Many abnormal behaviors have been linked to biological causes. There are many forms of abnormal behavior for which no biological cause has been identified. The biological causes of abnormal behavior gave rise to the concept of abnormality as a mental illness. Neuroscientists and others who adopt the neurobiological model of abnormal behavior investigate mental disorders as they would investigate any physical illness that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured.

Abnormal Behaviour- Psychological Causes

The psychoanalytic perspective holds that abnormal behavior stems from childhood conflicts over opposing wishes regarding sex and aggression. According to these theorists in order to resolve problems of abnormal behavior effectively, people must become aware that the root causes of their problems lie in their childhood and infancy. The roots of this psychological model can be found in ancient greek dealing with psyche or mind. These ideas took center stage in the study of abnormal behavior in the late 1800’s when Sigmund Freud challenged the assumption that psychological disorders had only physical causes.

Freud believed that children pass through stages of development in which sexual and aggressive impulses produce conflict. If conflicts are not dealt with successfully, they remain unresolved in the unconscious of the individual and bring about abnormality during later stages of life.

Abnormal Behaviour- Socio, Cultural Factors

Biological and psychological causes can go a long way toward explaining various forms of mental disorders. Socio-cultural factors influence not only what is labeled as abnormal behavior but also who displays it. Looking for causes of abnormal behavior in this socio-cultural factor means paying attention to factors such as gender, age, marital status, and physical, social, economic situations.

Some kinds of abnormal behavior are more prevalent among certain socio-cultural classes than among others. Poor economic conditions tend to be linked to a general decline in psychological functioning and social problems. Poorer people might be less likely than wealthier people to seek help. People’s abnormal behavior is shaped by the kind of family, group, society, and culture in which they live. Sociocultural factors create different roles and experiences for people who differ in age, gender, and culture.